High blood cholesterol and triglycerides
Baylor has always been dedicated to your heart health. In addition to heart and vascular services at many of our facilities, we also offer two dedicated heart hospitals in Dallas and Plano. The Jack and Jane Hamilton Heart and Vascular Hospital at Baylor Dallas was the first hospital in North Texas dedicated solely to heart health and is one of fewer than 5 percent of all hospitals to receive the Magnet Award® for Nursing Services from the American Nurses Credentialing Center. THE HEART HOSPITAL Baylor Plano was the first freestanding full-service cardiac facility in the region.
Definition
The medical term for high blood cholesterol and triglycerides is lipid disorder. Such a disorder occurs when you have too many fatty substances in your blood. These substances include cholesterol and triglycerides.
Alternative Names
Lipid disorders; Hyperlipoproteinemia; Hyperlipidemia; Dyslipidemia; Hypercholesterolemia
Causes
A lipid disorder increases your risk for atherosclerosis, and thus for heart disease, stroke, high blood pressure (hypertension), and other problems.
There are many types of cholesterol. The ones talked about most are:
- Total cholesterol - all the cholesterols combined
- HDL cholesterol - often called "good" cholesterol
- LDL cholesterol - often called "bad" cholesterol
There are several genetic disorders (passed down through families) that lead to abnormal levels of cholesterol and triglycerides. They include:
- Familial combined hyperlipidemia
- Familial dysbetalipoproteinemia
- Familial hypercholesterolemia
- Familial hypertriglyceridemia
Abnormal cholesterol and triglyceride levels may also be caused by:
- Being overweight or obese. See: Metabolic syndrome
- Certain medications, including birth control pills, estrogen, corticosteroids, certain diuretics, beta blockers, and certain antidepressants
- Diseases such as diabetes, hypothyroidism, Cushing syndrome, polycystic ovary syndrome, and kidney disease
- Excessive alcohol use
- Fatty diets that are high in saturated fats (found mainly in red meat, egg yolks, and high-fat dairy products) and trans fatty acids (found in commercial processed food products)
- Lack of exercise
- Smoking (which reducess HDL "good" cholesterol)
Lipid disorders are more common in men than in women.
Exams and Tests
See Coronary risk profile for information on when to be tested.
Tests to diagnose a lipid disorder may include:
Treatment
Treatment depends on your age, health history, if you smoke, and other risk factors for heart disease, such as:
- Diabetes
- Poorly controlled high blood pressure
- Family history of heart disease
The recommended values for adults are different depending on the above risk factors, but in general:
- LDL: 70-130 mg/dL (lower numbers are better)
- HDL: more than 40-60 mg/dL (high numbers are better)
- Total cholesterol: less than 200 mg/dL (lower numbers are better)
- Triglycerides: 10-150 mg/dL (lower numbers are better)
There are steps that everyone can take to improve their cholesterol levels, and help prevent heart disease and heart attack. Here are the most important ones:
- Eat a heart-healthy diet with plenty of fiber-rich fruits and vegetables. Avoid saturated fats (found mostly in animal products) and trans-fatty acids (found in fast foods and commercially baked products). Instead, choose unsaturated fats
- Exercise regularly to help raise your HDL ("good" cholesterol)
- Get periodic health checkups and cholesterol screenings
- Lose weight if you are overweight
- Quit smoking
If lifestyle changes do not change your cholesterol levels, your doctor may recommend medication. There are several types of drugs available to help lower blood cholesterol levels, and they work in different ways. Some are better at lowering LDL cholesterol, some are good at lowering triglycerides, while others help raise HDL cholesterol.
The most commonly used and most effective drugs for treating high LDL cholesterol are called statins. You doctor will choose one of these: lovastatin (Mevacor), pravastatin (Pravachol), simvastatin (Zocor), fluvastatin (Lescol), torvastatin (Lipitor), rosuvastatin (Crestor).
Other drugs that may be used include bile acid sequestering resins, cholesterol absorption inhibitors, fibrates, and nicotinic acid (niacin).
Outlook (Prognosis)
If you are diagnosed with high cholesterol, you will probably need to continue lifestyle changes and drug treatment throughout your life. Periodic monitoring of your cholesterol blood levels is necessary. Reducing high cholesterol levels will slow the progression of atherosclerosis.
Possible Complications
Possible complications of high cholesterol include:
- Atherosclerosis
- Coronary artery disease
- Stroke
- Heart attack or death
Possible complications of high triglycerides include:
When to Contact a Medical Professional
If you have high cholesterol or other risk factors for heart disease, make appointments as recommended by your doctor.
Prevention
Cholesterol and triglyceride screening is important to identify and treat abnormal levels. Men ages 20-35 and women ages 20-45 should have their cholesterol levels checked.
To help prevent high cholesterol:
- Eat a well-balanced, low-fat diet
- Keep a healthy body weight
References
Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults. Executive summary of the third report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) expert panel on detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). JAMA. 2001;285:2486-2497. Updated 2004. Accessed May 1, 2009.
U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for Lipid Disorders in Adults. Accessed May 1, 2009.
U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for Lipid Disorders in Children. US Preventive Services;Task Force recommendation statement. Pediatrics. 2007;120(1):e215-9.
Daniels SR, Greer FR; Committee on Nutrition. Lipid screening and cardiovascular health in childhood. Pediatrics. 2008;122(1):198-208.
Gaziano M, Manson JE, Ridker PM. Primary and secondary prevention of coronary heart disease. In: Libby P, Bonow RO, Mann DL, Zipes DP, eds. Braunwald's Heart Disease: A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine. 8th ed. Philadelphia, Pa; Saunders Elsevier; 2007: chap 45.
Reviewed By: David C. Dugdale, III, MD, Professor of Medicine, Division of General Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, A.D.A.M., Inc.
